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Квинн В.Н. Прикладная психологияКвинн В.Н. Год: 2000 ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ ОТ РЕДАКЦИИ.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 ОБ АВТОРЕ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Глава 1 обзор методов психологии................................................................................................................................................................... 11 ЧТО ТАКОЕ ПРИКЛАДНАЯ ПСИХОЛОГИЯ?.............................................................................................................................................. 11 Отрасли психологии......................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Психотерапевты................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16 МЕТОДЫ ПСИХОЛОГИИ................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Наблюдение........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21 Метод анализа конкретных ситуаций........................................................................................................................................................ 21 Опрос.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Метод корреляции............................................................................................................................................................................................ 26 Эксперимент....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 ВСЕ ЛЮДИ РАЗНЫЕ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 30 Виды различий................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Психология и культурные предрассудки................................................................................................................................................... 31 Культура и самосознание............................................................................................................................................................................... 32 ОБЩИЙ ОБЗОР ГЛАВЫ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Ответы.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33 Глава 2 восприятие.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 ЧТО ТАКОЕ ВОСПРИЯТИЕ?.............................................................................................................................................................................. 35 Экстероцептивные ощущения....................................................................................................................................................................... 35 Роль головного мозга в восприятии............................................................................................................................................................. 36 Подпороговые раздражители........................................................................................................................................................................ 36 Интероцептивные ощущения......................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Восприятие и внимание................................................................................................................................................................................... 39 Переключение внимания и контроль над болевыми ощущениями..................................................................................................... 41 ФАКТОРЫ, ВЛИЯЮЩЕЕ НА ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЮ...................................................................................................................................... 42 Ожидания............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 42 Факторы культуры............................................................................................................................................................................................ 45 Потребности, мотивации и эмоции.............................................................................................................................................................. 46 Иллюзии............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48 ВОСПРИЯТИЕ В ДЕЙСТВИИ............................................................................................................................................................................ 50 Расстройства восприятия................................................................................................................................................................................ 51 Экстрасенсорное восприятие........................................................................................................................................................................ 53 ОБЩИЙ ОБЗОР ГЛАВЫ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 54 Ответы.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 55 Глава 3 НАУЧЕНИЕ И ДРУГИЕ МЕТОДЫ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ НА ПОВЕДЕНИЕ..................................................................................... 56 ЧТО ТАКОЕ НАУЧЕНИЕ?................................................................................................................................................................................... 57 Воспроизведение действия как критерий научения................................................................................................................................ 58 КЛАССИЧЕСКОЕ ОБУСЛОВЛИВАНИЕ....................................................................................................................................................... 58 Рефлексы.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 59 Эмоциональные реакции................................................................................................................................................................................ 59 Процесс классического обусловливания................................................................................................................................................... 60 ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ КЛАССИЧЕСКОГО ОБУСЛОВЛИВАНИЯ..................................................................................................................... 62 Актерская игра и притворство....................................................................................................................................................................... 62 Борьба с фобиями.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 62 Нежелательное поведение.............................................................................................................................................................................. 63 Использование классического обусловливания в медицине................................................................................................................ 64 ОПЕРАНТНОЕ ОБУСЛОВЛИВАНИЕ............................................................................................................................................................. 64 Положительное подкрепление...................................................................................................................................................................... 65 Отрицательное подкрепление....................................................................................................................................................................... 66 Наказание............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 66 Как наказывать?................................................................................................................................................................................................ 67 Виды наказаний................................................................................................................................................................................................. 68 Подкрепление или наказание?...................................................................................................................................................................... 69 Поэтапное научение......................................................................................................................................................................................... 70 Модификация поведения................................................................................................................................................................................. 71 Моделирование и подражание..................................................................................................................................................................... 73 Угасание нежелательного поведения.......................................................................................................................................................... 73 ВОПРОСЫ ЭТИКИ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 74 ОБЩИЙ ОБЗОР ГЛАВЫ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 75 Ответы.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 75 Глава 4 СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ПАМЯТИ................................................................................................................................................... 76 ПАМЯТЬ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 77 Блоки памяти...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 77 Совершенствование работы блока долговременной памяти............................................................................................................... 79 Как лучше разместить информацию в памяти.......................................................................................................................................... 79 Совершенствование процесса вспоминания............................................................................................................................................. 81 ЗАБЫВАНИЕ.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 83 Вытеснение......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 84 Подавление......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 84 Амнезия................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 85 Угасание и искажение...................................................................................................................................................................................... 85 Интерференция................................................................................................................................................................................................... 86 Роль последовательности в запоминании.................................................................................................................................................. 87 Лекарственные средства................................................................................................................................................................................. 88 СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ УЧЕБНОГО ПРОЦЕССА.................................................................................................................................. 89 Составление учебного графика.................................................................................................................................................................... 89 Концентрация внимания................................................................................................................................................................................. 91 Подготовка к контрольным работам и экзаменам................................................................................................................................... 92 Как сдавать экзамены...................................................................................................................................................................................... 93 ОБЩИЙ ОБЗОР ГЛАВЫ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 95 Ответы.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 95 Глава 5 мышление И РЕШЕНИЕ ПРОБЛЕМ...................................................................................................................................................... 96 МЫШЛЕНИЕ.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 96 Скрипты............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 98 Логическое мышление..................................................................................................................................................................................... 98 Предикативное мышление.............................................................................................................................................................................. 99 Иррациональное мышление........................................................................................................................................................................... 99 Критическое мышление................................................................................................................................................................................ 100 Решение проблем............................................................................................................................................................................................ 101 Искусственный интеллект............................................................................................................................................................................ 102 ТВОРЧЕСКОЕ МЫШЛЕНИЕ........................................................................................................................................................................... 104 Характерные черты творческих личностей............................................................................................................................................ 105 Развитие творческого мышления................................................................................................................................................................ 106 Обучение креативности................................................................................................................................................................................ 107 ОБЩИЙ ОБЗОР ГЛАВЫ.................................................................................................................................................................................... 108 Ответы................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 108 Глава 6 развитие.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 110 МАТЕРИНСТВО И ОТЦОВСТВО................................................................................................................................................................... 110 Влияние детей на жизнь семьи.................................................................................................................................................................... 111 Количество детей и планирование семьи................................................................................................................................................ 111 Роли отца и матери в семье.......................................................................................................................................................................... 112 Стиль воспитания детей................................................................................................................................................................................ 113 ВНУТРИУТРОБНЫЙ ПЕРИОД........................................................................................................................................................................ 115 РАЗЛИЧНЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К РОДОВСПОМОЖЕНИЮ......................................................................................................................... 116 ЭТАПЫ РАЗВИТИЯ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 117 МЛАДЕНЧЕСКИЙ ВОЗРАСТ..................................................................................................................................................................... 118 РАННЕЕ ДЕТСТВО............................................................................................................................................................................................ 122 ДЕТСТВО............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 123 ПОДРОСТКОВЫЙ ВОЗРАСТ И ЮНОСТЬ................................................................................................................................................... 126 Физиологические изменения........................................................................................................................................................................ 126 Изменения в социальном статусе............................................................................................................................................................... 126 Интеллектуальное развитие........................................................................................................................................................................ 127 ЭТАПЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ВЗРОСЛОГО ЧЕЛОВЕКА.......................................................................................................................................... 128 Молодость............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 128 ЗРЕЛОСТЬ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 129 ПОЖИЛОЙ ВОЗРАСТ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 130 СМЕРТЬ И ПРОЦЕСС УМИРАНИЯ............................................................................................................................................................... 132 ОБЩИЙ ОБЗОР ГЛАВЫ.................................................................................................................................................................................... 134 Ответы................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 134 Глава 7 МОТИВАЦИЯ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 135 ЧТО ТАКОЕ МОТИВАЦИЯ?............................................................................................................................................................................ 136 Сознательная и бессознательная мотивация.......................................................................................................................................... 136 Потребности и стимулы................................................................................................................................................................................ 137 Физиологические потребности................................................................................................................................................................... 138 Любознательность и возбуждение............................................................................................................................................................. 139 Потребность в безопасности и защищенности....................................................................................................................................... 140 ПОТРЕБНОСТЬ В ЛЮБВИ И ПРИВЯЗАННОСТИ.................................................................................................................................... 141 ПОТРЕБНОСТЬ В ДОСТИЖЕНИЯХ............................................................................................................................................................. 142 Трудоголики..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 145 Боязнь соперничества.................................................................................................................................................................................... 146 Потребность властвовать............................................................................................................................................................................. 146 ИЕРАРХИЯ ПОТРЕБНОСТЕЙ ПО МАСЛОУ.............................................................................................................................................. 148 ПОТРЕБНОСТЬ В САМОАКТУАЛИЗАЦИИ............................................................................................................................................... 149 ВНУТРЕННЯЯ И ВНЕШНЯЯ МОТИВАЦИЯ............................................................................................................................................. 150 Удовлетворенность работой....................................................................................................................................................................... 151 Противодействующие побуждения........................................................................................................................................................... 153 ОБЩИЙ ОБЗОР ГЛАВЫ.................................................................................................................................................................................... 154 Ответы................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 154 Глава 8 Эмоции........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 155 ЧТО ТАКОЕ ЭМОЦИИ?..................................................................................................................................................................................... 156 Описание эмоций............................................................................................................................................................................................ 156 Значение мимики и жестов........................................................................................................................................................................... 157 Физиологические проявления эмоций....................................................................................................................................................... 159 Влияние физиологии на эмоции: доводы «за» и «против».................................................................................................................. 161 Измерение физиологических реакции, связанных с эмоциями.......................................................................................................... 162 ТИПЫ ЭМОЦИЙ.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 164 Гнев..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 164 Гнев и агрессия................................................................................................................................................................................................ 167 Как справиться с гневом............................................................................................................................................................................... 168 Радость............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 171 Страх.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 172 ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СТРЕСС........................................................................................................................................................................ 173 Источники стресса.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 173 Как справиться со стрессом......................................................................................................................................................................... 175 Стресс и иммунная система......................................................................................................................................................................... 176 Стресс и болезни............................................................................................................................................................................................. 176 ОБЩИЙ ОБЗОР ГЛАВЫ.................................................................................................................................................................................... 178 Ответы................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 178 Глава 9 РЕГУЛЯЦИЯ И АДАПТАЦИЯ.............................................................................................................................................................. 180 ЧТО ТАКОЕ САМОРЕГУЛЯЦИЯ?................................................................................................................................................................. 180 «Я» -концепция................................................................................................................................................................................................. 181 «Я»-концепция и личность............................................................................................................................................................................ 184 МЕХАНИЗМЫ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ..................................................................................................................................... 185 Подавление и вытеснение............................................................................................................................................................................. 185 Другие механизмы психологической защиты........................................................................................................................................ 186 (......) |
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