Алломорф

Алломорф(а) (от греч. állos — иной, другой и morphē — форма) в лингвистике, вариант, разновидность морфемы. Например, русское друг — /друж-/, друз-, англ. [-z]/[-s]/[-iz], как показатель множественного числа существительных.

Алломо́рф — лингвистический термин, обозначающий вариант морфемы, которая может иметь разные варианты произношения, не изменяя при этом своего значения. Используется в языкознании для объяснения существования различных вариантов произношения у отдельных морфем.

Приставка воз- в русском языке в качестве морфемы может быть реализована четырьмя А.: собственно как воз- (возрастать), средуцированным гласным звуком вз- (взрослый), с оглушённым финальным согласным вос- (воспитать') и с дополнительной редукцией гласного вс-(вспотеть). 

Термин первоначально использовался для определения вариаций химической структуры. Был предложен для использования в языкознании в 1948 году.

In linguistics, an allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme. The concept occurs when a unit of meaning can vary in sound without changing meaning. The term allomorph explains the comprehension of phonological variations for specific morphemes.

English has several morphemes that vary in sound but not in meaning. Examples include the past tense and the plural morphemes.

For example, in English, a past tense morpheme is -ed. It occurs in several allomorphs depending on its phonological environment, assimilating voicing of the previous segment or inserting a schwawhen following an alveolar stop:

• as /əd/ or /ɪd/ in verbs whose stem ends with the alveolar stops /t/ or /d/, such as 'hunted' /hʌntəd/ or 'banded' /bændəd/

• as /t/ in verbs whose stem ends with voiceless phonemes other than /t/, such as 'fished' /fɪʃt/

• as /d/ in verbs whose stem ends voiced phonemes other than /d/, such as 'buzzed' /bʌzd/

Notice the "other than" restrictions above. This is a common fact about allomorphy: if the allomorphy conditions are ordered from most restrictive (in this case, after an alveolar stop) to least restrictive, then the first matching case usually "wins". Thus, the above conditions could be re-written as follows:

• as /əd/ or /ɪd/ when the stem ends with the alveolar stops /t/ or /d/

• as /t/ when the stem ends with voiceless phonemes

• as /d/ elsewhere

The fact that the /t/ allomorph does not appear after stem-final /t/, despite the fact that the latter is voiceless, is then explained by the fact that /əd/ appears in that environment, together with the fact that the environments are ordered. Likewise, the fact that the /d/ allomorph does not appear after stem-final /d/ is because the earlier clause for the /əd/ allomorph takes priority; and the fact that the /d/allomorph does not appear after stem-final voiceless phonemes is because the preceding clause for the /t/ takes priority.

Irregular past tense forms, such as "broke" or "was/ were", can be seen as still more specific cases (since they are confined to certain lexical items, like the verb "break"), which therefore take priority over the general cases listed above.

[edit]Stem allomorphy

Allomorphy can also exist in stems or roots, as in Classical Sanskrit:

Vāk (voice)

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	/vaːk/	/vaːt͡ʃ-as/
Genitive	/vaːt͡ʃ-as/	/vaːt͡ʃ-aːm/
Instrumental	/vaːt͡ʃ-aː/	/vaːɡ-bʱis/
Locative	/vaːt͡ʃ-i/	/vaːk-ʂi/

There are three allomorphs of the stem: /vaːk/, /vaːt͡ʃ/ and /vaːɡ/. The allomorphs are conditioned by the particular case-marking suffixes.

The form of the stem /vaːk/, found in the nominative singular and locative plural, is the etymological form of the morpheme. Pre-Indic palatalization of velars resulted in the variant form /vaːt͡ʃ/, which was initially phonologically conditioned. This conditioning can still be seen in the Locative Singular form, where the /t͡ʃ/ is followed by the high front vowel /i/.

But subsequent merging of /e/ and /o/ into /a/ made the alternation unpredictable on phonetic grounds in the Genitive case (both Singular and Plural), as well as the Nominative Plural and Instrumental Singular. Hence, this allomorphy was no longer directly relatable to phonological processes.

Phonological conditioning also accounts for the /vaːɡ/ form found in the Instrumental Plural, where the /ɡ/ assimilates in voicing to the following /bʱ/.

The term was originally used to describe variations in chemical structure. It was first applied to language (in writing) in 1948, by E.A. Nida in Language XXIV.